A Scientist’s Perspective an Example of the Topic Education and science by

A Scientist’s Perspective on What Makes a Person a Human Being by Expert ProffFesto | 23 Dec 2016 Scientists believe that not all human beings can qualify as people. To become people, they must possess certain characteristics. These include human beings abilities to feel pain, be conscious, reason, communicate and be self-aware. Need essay sample on "A Scientists Perspective on What Makes a Person a Human Being" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed To be a person a human being must be conscious and able to feel pain In the article Mindset Management How Strong is Your Ability to Reason and Get Everything You Want in Life, Stendall said that consciousness is the ability to think and to be self-aware. According to Freud, consciousness is the cognitive process that influences thoughts, perception, plans, sensitivity and reflections. In the broader sense, it also includes self-consciousness which is awareness of ones existence. Aristotle said that the core of human development is the development of thought and hence consciousness. Human beings are meant to feel pain, not just physical pain but mental pain as well. This is a quality that makes a human being a person, and makes people stronger. Scientists believe that a human being who is not conscious and does not feel pain does not qualify as a person, and that consciousness is the essence of ones existence. This is a controversial statement. It does not justify our disrespect towards anyone who is not conscious and does not feel pain, for example a human being in coma. Just because a child lacks cognitive abilities, it does not give anyone a right to mistreat him. Hence there are no set criterion on which we can distinguish between a person and a human being (Koukl). To be a person a human being must be able to reason All human beings possess the ability to evaluate, reflect, make choices and reach decisions. To be able to reason is a sign of growing up and maturing. Reasoning can help people accomplish their dreams. However, surprisingly, not everyone uses their ability to reason according to Stendall, in the article Mindset Management How Strong is Your Ability to Reason and Get Everything You Want in Life. University Students Frequently Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay today? Specialists suggest: Proceed With Order Now Cheap Essay Writing Write an Assignment for Me Cheap Essay Writing Online It is important to link ones ideas and to use ones logic to collect relevant information and organize it to ones benefit and success. Successful people have broad cognitive abilities and an eclectic and rational approach to life. Aristotle believed that human beings can have a good life if they chose a logical path and use their reasoning ability to develop as told by Stendall in Mindset Management. Hence scientists propose, that to be a person means to take on challenges and be able to reason and evaluate. However, this statement is debatable. If a human being cannot reason, for instance someone who is insane or a child, it does not mean that he does not qualify as a person (Koukl). To be a person a human being must be able to communicate All human beings are gifted with the art of communication. Some people are exceptionally good at it. The effectiveness of communication depends on the skills of the people involved. On the other hand, there are people who have problems understanding others and being understood. Such people can work on their communication skills in order to improve. Other species do not have the ability to communicate in a meaningful way. Communication is so essential to human beings that they cannot avoid it. They do it all the time, verbally and through body gestures. The process involves an exchange of information between the sender and the receiver, and is meaningful only when the receiver understands the message. Human beings of all ages can communicate, even if they do not know how to talk. The existence of human beings depends on communication. Therefore, as scientists believe, communication is an essential characteristic of all people (Scheidel). To be a person a human being must be self-aware There are many characteristics of human beings that distinguish them from other species. Human beings have minds and the most significant asset of the mind is self-awareness, which means to be aware of who a person is. People possess self-awareness in degrees. Some people are more self-aware than others. There are those who argue that self-awareness is not present only in human beings, animals are self-aware too. However, scientists believe that it is the quality of self-awareness that distinguishes people from animals. Along with self-awareness come the quality of consciousness, cognitive abilities and intelligence. Being self-aware broadens a persons horizons and enriches his experiences. However, there are many people who are not self-aware, such as bonded labor. They are just living their lives without any sense of who they are. This in no way means that they are not people. Hence we can argue against the statement made by scientists. The advantages that scientists achieve when they are critical of their own methods To be critical to ones own writing is integral to scientific research. Scientists should not only critically view their own research, but also that of each others. This is because another person is better able to take an unbiased approach of research that is not their own. Critical analysis of scientific methods can be done at various stages ranging from the first draft of the research to the final method. Friends and colleagues can give their suggestions so as to improve the scientific method before it reaches the eyes of the public. It is better to accommodate criticisms earlier than to leave to public scrutiny (Kuyper 248 - 250). Healthy criticism can help remove any bias or weakness in carrying out the research. Critical analysis often reveals weaknesses that have gone unnoticed such as an unrepresentative sample, duplication of information or a flawed experiment. Critiquing ensures objectivity, clarity and minimizes disapproval from the public (Kuyper 248-250). Conclusion Scientists may be right about the fact that human beings must possess certain qualities to achieve the status of people. However there are exceptions to this: Many human beings do not possess such qualities. These include children, people with disabilities and severely ill human beings. Such incapacities do not disqualify them from the status of being people, and it does not justify any mistreatment or disrespect towards them. To disregard their ego and take criticism of their ideas is in the best interest of scientists. Works Cited Scheidel, T. M. Speech Communication and Human Interaction. Scott Foresman/Addison-Wesley. (1972). Shenandoah, L. and Wall, S. To Become a Human Being: The Message of Tadodaho Chief Leon Shenandoah. Hampton Roads Pub Co. (2002). Kuyper, Barbara J. Bringing Up Scientists in the Art of Critiquing Research. BioScience, v41 n4 (1991): 248-250. 18 December 2008 . Stendall, R. Mindset Management - How Strong is Your Ability to Reason and Get Everything You Want in Life? 10 December 2008. Ezine Articles. 18 December 2008.

Budget Cuts and Teacher Planning Time

Budget Cuts and Teacher Planning Time Teacher planning and preparation is a key part of effective teaching. However, this is an area that often faces cuts when dealing with issues like increasing the number of periods in a day, reducing the number of days each week that students come to school, or putting schools on double schedules. It almost appears that there is a lack of concern over the importance of planning time. In school districts across the nation, many teachers already get too little time to accomplish too many tasks before any cuts are made. Educational policy makers fail to see why more than a few minutes of before-class preparation is necessary. The general lack of concern for teacher preparation time is probably due to misconceptions about what goes on during class and planning periods. Educational policy makers, who were in high school 20-30 years ago, remember a classroom that no longer existsone with students quietly reading while the English teacher grades essays and one with students checking each others math papers while abiding by the honor system. A Teachers Changing Role Today, instruction is more active with increased focus on problem solving and teamwork. The teachers role has transformed into one of facilitating learning as opposed to presenting knowledge. Further, teachers are no longer able to grade papers while students read textbooks. In some school districts, teachers can no longer allow students to check each others papers due to parents complaints. In addition, because so many of todays students are unwilling to work without getting credit, the number of papers per student has increased dramatically. Thus, papers that were once graded during class now proliferate into rapidly growing piles which must be dealt with after class. The amount of work to be graded is also impacted by class size. Given a teaching load of five classes of 35 students, a one-hour writing assignment requires almost nine hours of grading if the teacher averages three minutes each. Even grading assignments that take only one minute may be difficult to manage since just under 3 hours would be needed to grade one per student, and other tasks must also be accomplished during the planning period. Another likely cause of widespread disregard for planning time is that the teachers planning activities vary from day to day making it difficult to explain what they do, and why the time is insufficient. To clarify this point, I have provided five unremarkable planning period examples. What the Sample Planning Periods Show These real life examples show that a large percentage of the teachers preparation time is dedicated to paperwork and conferencing. During the sample week of planning activities, it would be impossible to grade even one class set of essays during the allotted planning time. Thus, a teacher who gives writing assignments to five classes of 35 students and who works efficiently during her five 60 minute planning periods, will be unable to give timely feedback to students unless a substantial amount of work is brought home. Teachers have traditionally been expected to bring work home because the job cannot be done any other way. In fact, early in U. S. history, teachers were not allowed to marry because of the time their families would require. But nowadays, teachers do marry, and they do have children. Because many teachers also have second jobs, they no longer have the option of working an extra 20 to 30 hours grading papers. Negative Effects of Reducing Planning Time By scheduling too little planning time, policy makers cause students to receive fewer writing assignments and more machine graded tests. Although several effective teaching strategies have evolved that decrease the paper load, such as peer evaluation with rubrics and cooperative learning, students must eventually get teachers feedback. Of necessity, many teachers lesson plans are made with primary consideration given to how much grading the assignment will require. For this reason, insufficient planning time makes attaining higher standards less likely and deprives students of a quality education.

Environment Science Individual Group Project Portion Essay

Environment Science Individual Group Project Portion - Essay Example The human suffering that resulted from the ‘Irish Potato Famine’ of 1846 to 1850 occurred predominantly due to the Irish poor being reliant solely on one crop, the potato, for sustenance. Prior to the 1800’s, the Irish grew barley, rye, oats and vegetables, but the 1804 Corn Law of Britain, a tariff imposed on imported grains to safeguard the profit margin of British landowners, changed this. Grains were no longer a viable crop for Irish to produce but potatoes still were. The majority of Irish landowners, the employers of most of the working poor, converted to potato farming. Generally, the poor were paid in potatoes during this hard economic period. Millions trusted their fate to the health of the potato and the stage was set for this calamitous event. In addition, the Irish population had spiked 50 percent in the two decades prior to the famine in the regions that were hit the hardest (Japikse, 1994). In 1846, The Irish climate became wetter and warmer than usual which was conducive for the proliferation the fungus that ultimately destroyed the potato crop. The weather did not cause the fungus but acted to further its progress. The fungus, Phytophthora infestans, arrived in Ireland from Europe the year before and during a more normal weather pattern would have not produced a similar devastating outcome. â€Å"The spores of the blight were carried by wind, rain and insects and came to Ireland from Britain and the European continent. A fungus affected the potato plants, producing black spots and a white mould on the leaves, soon rotting the potato into a pulp† (Ranelagh, 1994, p.111). The 1846 potato crop perished and though potatoes can be easily stored for up to a year by simply being left in the ground, they cannot be sustained any longer therefore no surplus was stored for anytime later than 1847. The poor had food for the

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Research - Essay Example Research based solutions are beneficial because they take into account the most recent advancements in the medical field in question while also coming up with practical solutions on how to confront the existing problem. A good example of this is the use of virtual doctor’s assistants in order to leave more registered nurses free to perform the existing duties. Virtual assistants will not just be helpful in ensuring that a lot of medical personnel are liberated to fulfill other duties, but will also contribute towards the streamlining of the use of information technology in various respects by medical organizations. Many hospitals still struggle to implement electronic records that function well. Virtual assistants will help in ensuring that there is better tracking of the records of patients’ health every day. This will in turn reduce the number of doctor visits on a daily basis, empower the patients in terms of their healthcare, and reduce the incidence of serious medi cal problems. The use of virtual assistants is not a reality in many parts of the world and its practicality is still doubted by many healthcare experts (LittleJohn, Campbell, Collins-McNeil, & Khayile, 2012). In addition, there is not much research that has been conducted to substantiate the claims that this is one subject that can help in dealing with staff shortages among other problems. However, it is evident that the use of virtual assistants has more potential benefits than any other solution to date. A virtual assistant will even be able to monitor doctor prescriptions, reducing the incidence of visits to the doctor and thus saving costs. In recent times, health-related developments such as health-monitoring and data tracking have began to be accepted in the mainstream as viable health care solutions. Virtual assistants also need to begin being seriously considered as a serious answer to the majority

Exacavation Report Tel Dan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exacavation Report Tel Dan - Essay Example The first mention of Dan is in Genesis, 14:14, when Lot was taken captive by armed men, and so Abram chased them up to Dan, a city first called Laish or Leshem. Dan-Laish was founded in the fifth millennium BC. It was a prosperous city, with a sloping earth rampart and mud-brick triple-arched gate as defence, which allowed the inhabitants to feel safe and secure. Biran surmised that the formidable sloping earth rampart with a gate was the one Abraham saw when he reached the city2. So much has been said of the Tel Dan mysteries that in 1966 archaeologist Avraham Biran began digging the site for its secrets. Biran stressed biblical archaeology, with the two important disciplines, archaeological research and biblical studies, as the base for their excavations and efforts. These made a positive effect on their work3. An important discovery is the house of David inscription. This is a ninth century BCE victory statement in Aramaic language and inscribed on a basalt stone. The inscription is attributed to an Aramaic king Hazael of Damascus, who conquered the city of Dan around the 840s, decorated the inscription in a public place to indicate his power and sovereignty over the city. When the Israelites recaptured the city, they torn and broke down the inscription and reused it as construction material. Archaeologists led by Avraham Biran so far discovered three fragments of the inscriptions, which they found within the walls of the outer gate4. The inscription tells us that the Aramaic king killed the kings of Israel (Joram) and Judah (Ahaziah). But this is contrary to the texts in the 2nd Book of Kings, Chapter 9, where Jehu killed Joram, king of Israel, and Ahaziah, king of Judah. These are two interesting contradictions that need to be clarified, probably with the help of future finds at Tel Dan. The inscriptions were found in three fragments, all found in the same general area of Tel

Differentation strategies and its use by organizations

Differentation strategies and its use by organizations An organization that adopts a differentiation strategy seeks to distinguish itself from competitors through the quality of its products or services. Organizations that successfully implement a differentiation strategy are able to charge more than competitors because customers are willing to pay more to obtain the extra value they perceive. For example in case of Rolex they pursue a differentiation strategy, Rolex watches are handmade precious metals like gold or platinum and stainless steel and are subject to strenuous tests of quality and reliability. The firms reputation enables it to charge thousands of dollars for its watches. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) Firms use differentiation strategy to achieve a competitive advantage by providing unique products and these products attributes high quality and innovations. Differentiation is not just limited to the product but it also covers the delivery system and many other factors. Firms provide additional services to its customers with these differentiation characteristics which brings more profit with a premium price. Porter (1985), further suggests that these two generic strategies are fundamentally contradictory to each other and its important for the business to choose one of them. Cost leader can only gain the high performance if the business offer a satisfactory level of value to its customers which fulfilling the demand of their customers. Similarly differentiation strategy will only be successfully if the premium price of the product charged to customers characterized with some valuable features and customers are satisfied with that (Porter, 1985). There are many factors which results in differentiation. some of them are, To have a competitive edge on its rivals. To facilitates the entry restrictions for newcomers by building a new product To minimize the threats from its substitutes. To create a differentiation advantage  [1]   Different areas of differentiation While Porter bases his work on manufacturer, Walters Knee (1989) suggest a similar conceptual model for retailers with productivity led (e.g. effective cost management and economies of scales) and marketing led differentiation (e.g. product range, range characteristics or customer services). This model is similar to Porters generic strategies. Only one empirical study focus on differentiation analyses within the retailing. Morschett, Swoboda Schramm-Klein (2006) surveyed managers of food retailers and customers in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Hypermarkets, supermarket, convenience stores, discounters and other were analyzed based on a pool of items derived by marketing mix elements. It provides evidence of three differentiation strategies: Price, quality (goods and services) and convenience. Reilly (2002) suggests that differentiation is one the key business strategy of Porter. Bauer and Colgan (2001) said that when a company use differentiation strategy, it focus on providing a product or service with unique features. Product differentiation satisfies the specific needs of customer and it allows the company to charge a premium price which helps the organization to capture the market share. The differentiation strategy only gets implemented effectively if the business provides product of superior quality and after sale support. Organizations charge higher prices to its customers when they follow the differentiation strategy based on the product features, their customer service and the delivery system business use. The quality it offers to its customer can be real or distinguished based on the fashion or brand name. The differentiation strategy fulfills the specific or complicated customers interest in a unique and higher quality product and for which he is ready to pay a higher price. When organization use the differentiation strategy then it must be ready to add a premium to the cost but it is not to recommend that costs and prices are not be considered but is not the main focus of the organization. However as the customers likes the product because of its uniqueness and higher quality so they become loyal to the business and do not mind in paying the higher price for the products (Hlavacka et al., 2001) Sources of Differentiation Its not only the low prices of products that can create the differentiation of company from other but offering a unique product to its customer can create a differentiation to its competitors. That unique product should be more valuable to its customers. Differentiation also happened that how a company perform its function and what impacts does it have on its buyers. For example differentiation enables the company to meets the demands of its customers anywhere. It should have uniqueness and must have superior quality of its product as compared to its competitors. Factors/ Drivers for Differentiation Location- This is a very important for an organization to have a uniqueness in respect to its competitors. If the organization have its branch at a location which is easily accessible to its customers as compared to the others companys stores then the store will defiantly will have a competitive edge on the others organizations. Integration- An organization will be considered to have uniqueness its level of integration is high, its mean its level of coordination of value activities is high then it will create differentiation. Timing- An organization can effectively adopt a differentiation strategy if its timing of enchasing the opportunities is well on time. It will create uniqueness in the organization. Interrelationships- Customers can be offered better services by using effectively the different activities in the company. Scale- If the goods are produced at a small scale then the uniqueness of the products will be lost over a long period of time. Larger the scale of goods and services then there will more uniqueness. Differentiation of the organization depends on the volume of uniqueness. Learning- In order to perform well in the market a continuous learning process should be adopted. Institutional factors- If the management will have good relation with its staff that mean company will be having a good impact on its sale. This will also create uniqueness. Waitrose Quality Differentiation Strategy Waitrose has a differentiation strategy of quality product and services to its customers. It has a strategy in providing quality goods which are unique in the market to customers which helps Waitrose to differentiate itself with its competitors. Waitrose also pays too much attention in providing the goods with its own brand name and its specifically target a elite class of the market who dont care paying little bit much for best quality product. Focus Strategy A firm pursuing focus strategy concentrates on a specific regional markets, product line, or group of buyers. This strategy may have either a differentiation focus, whereby the firms differentiate its products in the focus market, or an overall cost leadership focus, whereby the firm manufactures and sell its products at a low cost in a focus market  [2]   Focus strategy is different from other strategies of a business as it remains a segment based and has a comparatively narrow scope in any business. In the focus strategy a organization target a specific segment of the market (Porter, 1979 pp.137-140). So what kind of market to be targeted, McCracken (2002), suggests that a organization can select a specific group of customers, a specific range of product, specific areas or some specific services for the customers. For example some European firm specifically concentrates on the European markets for its products. Aims of adopting a Focus strategy according to Porter (1980), is to achieve a narrow competitive advantage in the market. Focus aims is to concentrate on a niche market with its product that has been ignored by other larger competitors in the market. A specific geography, buyers purchasing behavior, different ethnic peoples demand and product features all makes niches for a organization. David (2000), Focus strategy of a organization can only be successful if the target segment have the potential to make good growth and it does not carry any importance to other competitors. Market penetration and market development can make an important focus strategy. Larger or medium organization use focus strategies but only with the combination of differentiation and cost leadership strategies in some segment of the market. The successfulness of the focus strategies depend only if the people have some specific demands and when there is not competition for other rivals.(David, 2000) Organization which adopts focus strategy in the business concentrates more on niche market and by understanding the dynamics of that particular market and work on the particular needs of the market and then try to produce unique product which fulfill the needs of that particular market. As that organization serves well to their customers in uniqueness, so they create a brand name in the mind of the people and create loyalty brand amongst the customers as well. This makes that particular market segment less attractive to its competitors. As with broad market strategies, it will be essential to decide whether organization pursue Cost leadership strategy or Differentiation strategy once a company have selected a focus strategy as a main approach. Firms that manage to adopt a focus strategy are able to tailor a large number of product developments strengths to relatively narrow market segment that they know very well. Focus strategy has two variants, which are; Cost focus is a variant where the organization looks for a cost advantage in a target segment. This is niche low cost strategy where the organization gets cost advantage in the focusers target segment. According to Porters Cost focus exploits differences in behavior in some segments Differentiation focus is where an organization looks for differentiation in the target segment. In this strategy the organization offers to its customers something different to its customers from rivals. Following are the situations where a focus strategy is efficient; Market segment has to be large enough to be profitable; more customers will bring more profit for the organization. Market segment has good growth potentials. High costs are difficult for the rivals to fulfill the demands of the niche. Focuser has to be able to choose from different segment of the market  [3]   Tesco Express Stores Tesco express stores are neighbor hood convenience shops, stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher margin products alongside everyday essentials. These are found in busy city centers and small shopping mall in residential areas and on petrol station forecourts. There are more than 700 stores all over UK. Tesco Express is gaining a competitive edge in the small scale grocery market as it is providing additional gasoline facility as well. Cost Leadership Strategy A strategy in which an organization attempt to gain a competitive advantage by reducing its cost below the costs of competing firm. By keeping costs low, the organization is able to sell its products at low prices and still make a profit. Timex uses an overall cost leadership strategy. For decades, this firm has specialized in manufacturing relatively simple low cost watches for the mass market. The prices of the Timex watches starting around 39.95 dollars are low because company has an efficient high volume manufacturing capacity.  [4]   The firms operating in this highly competitive are always desires to be more and more successful. To stay in this competitive environment the company should have an competitive edge on its rivals. In order to have a competitive edge on its rivals the company should be selling its goods to its customers at lowest price with best quality as compared to its competitors. Porter (1980), suggest that in order to achieve the competitive advantage there are fundamentally two different approaches and those two approaches are cost leadership and differentiation strategies. In cost leadership strategy the business look for gaining the above average sale over its competitors with reducing the prices of all the elements of activities. To achieve the cost advantage of this nature, the organizations will employ the considerable efforts to reduce the cost of operating and production and will try hard to use all the available resources to their maximum level, including increasing the utilization of R D and advertising.(Porter, 1980) According to Malburg (2000), there is another strategy of Porters generic strategies which is cost leadership strategy. This strategy is about achieving a competitive advantage in the market by reducing the prices of products. In order to have a competitive advantage, business must focus on the low cost leadership strategy, low cost production and labor which committed to the low cost strategy. The business must be ready to stop all the production activities in which they dont have any cost advantage and must outsourcing all the operations to other businesses which have the cost advantage in the market. He further suggest that there are many areas in which cost leadership can be attained such as production on large scale, mass distribution, innovation of technology, improved product design, access to the raw materials and full utilization of available resources. Porter (1985), purports that only one business in a market can be the cost leader. Porter (1985), stressed there is incompatibility in between cost leadership and differentiation strategy, for instance he believe that differentiation is costly as compared to differentiation. He also used the sentence struck in the middle to put more stress that by combining the cost leadership and differentiation strategy will not results into a prolong competitive advantage. But Hill (1988) and Miller (1992), argued that that it is not only possible to combine both strategies but the combination of these two strategies will produce a competitive advantage for the business. Businesses which adopt differentiation strategy target a specific segment of the market and this strategy also has a broad scope. In the both lower cost strategy and differentiation strategy the businesses concentrates on larger segment of the market. An organization which adopt the lowest cost strategy or differentiation strategy that has a aim to focus on one target segment of the market or few defined segments of the market carry out focus strategy. There are two parts of the focus strategy one is lowest costs focus and the other one is differentiation focus7. (Bas P. Singer, 2007) Product Portfolio Strategy, BCG Matrix The notion of portfolio exists in many areas of life, not just for products. A broad portfolio means that business has a presence in a wide range of products and market sectors. A narrow portfolio implies that the organization operates in only a few or even in one product or market sector. A broad portfolio offers the advantage of robustness in that a downturn in one market will not threaten the whole company. The Boston consulting group matrix offers a way of examining and making a sense of a companys portfolio of product and market interests. It is a way of examining a whole product range to see a companys product as a collection of items in similar way that a holder of shares in several companies might the consider the decision on what to do with the shares. One of looking at the products in a portfolio is to considers each product in its position in the product life cycle and aims to have a balance of products in each stage. A more sophisticated approach is based on the idea that the market share in mature markets is highly correlated with profitability and that is relatively less expensive and less risky to attempt to win a share in the growth stage of the market when there will be many new customers making their first purchase. This is the approach taken by BCG matrix. It is use to analyze the product range with a view to aiding decision on how the products should be treated in an internal strategic analysis. BCG Growth Share Matrix BCG, it is a management tool which helps for four distinct purposes. Product portfolio can be classified into four business types by using BCG matrix based on Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks and Dogs. In order to determine that what priorities can be given to a companys product portfolio. It can also be use to classify an organization product portfolio according to that how much cash is generation and how much is usage and it helps the management to adopt different available strategies to handle different product lines. Companies like Apple, Semen, Nokia, Sony, Samsung are engaged in diversify the product lines7. According to Boston consulting there are five different types of businesses which require the cash flow in different ratios. First types of businesses require more cash than they generate the cash and these types of businesses are very common. The second type require less cash to invest in but these businesses generate more cash than actually invested in and these are very few in the market. The third types of businesses is self sufficient in cash flow and with the passage of time it generate large amount of cash and the fourth type generate less cash but also requires less cash to invest in. The fifth one is stays in unstable condition. Figure 1: Stars: Stars are the leaders in the high growth market. These products generates large amount of cash but also requires a large amount of money to invest in as well. As time passes on the Stars becomes Cash Cows if these maintain there financial position but if they become unable to maintain their positions in the market, they becomes Dogs. Cash Cow: Cash cows are the products that require low investment but these products generate high amount of cash. These are the market leaders in the low growth market. the cash cows funds themselves for their own growth. They supply the investment funds for other products. These help to justify the debt capacity for the whole company. Dogs: Dogs often have a unsecure future are they are the drainer on the company as they generate very low amount of cash as they have a low market share in a high growth market. Question Marks: Question marks have not achieved a dominant position in the market hence they produce low amount of cash. They require a lot of cash because of the growth market conditions. Tesco has a very good portfolio in the market. Tesco is considered as Cash Cows in the market as it has a fine record of distributing the fine and quality goods and services to its customers. At the same time it is also considered as Stars because they are investing and making a lot of efforts to its customers in creating awareness about the e-commerce and retailing. Many of Tesco stores stocks more than 40000 product lines and express sores stock more than 2000 product line which helps the customers to choose from different product lines and according to their financial positions. Waitrose on the other hands have a different Portfolio as it has a different strategy as compare to Tesco. Waitrose use quality differentiation strategy and concentrate on specific portion of the market and offers them high quality products at a high prices because of this it is not attracting a large number of customers as compared to the Tesco. So this thing makes most of the products of the Waitrose Dogs of the market. Market Growth Strategy, Ansoff Matrix: Ansoff matrix is a strategic tool use to measure or define the strategic future direction of the business. The model categorizes the options into four generic alternatives to simplify the process. Market penetration: existing market/existing product Product development: existing market/existing product Market development: new market/existing market The Ansoff Matrix is used with the strategic objective to determine the future direction of the business. A company might be faced with declining sales of its products in the domestic market and will use the Ansoff Matrix to evaluate the four generic alternatives for the future. e.g company would evaluate strategies to penetrate the existing market through pricing or increased brand loyalty. Another option is to develop the product or change the design, increase the length of the product life cycle and increase the sales. A third option is to export the existing product into other countries or finally stop and completely diversify with new products into new markets.(Diana, 2009) Figure 2: Ansoff Matrix model Market Penetration Ansoff matrix explains that a business attempts to penetrate in a market by using its existing products. Tesco has a history which indicates that it always penetrate in a market with its existing products. It always get benefited from its customers to penetrate into a market. In order to achieve its goals Tesco always uses its strategy in three ways. Tesco attract customers from its competitors then it provides its customers good quality product and then Tesco retains customers as customers feels that it is best provider of goods and services. And thirdly it attract more non user of its products and services by advertising and other promotional strategies. Market Penetration is very important for the Tesco as retaining customers are more important for the Tesco than attracting the new ones. Tesco international expansion strategy has responded to meet the maximum needs of its customers. It is hard to enter into a new country market so Tesco had a strategy to join the local businesses by joint ventures. So this helps Tesco to know that market that what are the demands of the people, their purchasing behavior to foreign goods. Product Development Product development is another strategic approach in which new product has been introduced in the market. Tesco always work on the product development by introducing new products in the market in order to satisfy the needs of the customers. Tesco always maximize its profitability by introducing this strategy into the market. Tesco has produce many products and as a market retailer it distribute into the market. Brand loyalty is very important for the Tesco to develop new product. As Tesco has a good reputation of its brand so it does not have to do more advertising in order to attract more customer to buy any new product. Brand loyalty must be conserved in pricing, quality and uniqueness. Market Development: Market Development happened when a company moves into different countries with its existing products. This strategy is used to find new international markets. Tesco has developed many stores in countries like China, Poland, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Slovakia, South Korea, Turkey and United States. For penetrating into international market, Tesco has adopted a joint venture strategy which helps the company to control its cost and help to know the market. Diversification Tesco is not only sticking to the food items but it also maximizing its profit by selling non food items. Tesco has introduced its own mortgage services, banking and credit card services. It has started to sell the mobiles phones and many other electronic products. The other diversification seen in Tesco is fuel. Tesco has also entered into bio fuel and diesel and bio-diesel and investing more in green energy resources which will help to improve its image as compared to other fuel supplying companies like Shell. B.P8.

Effect of the Normans on Middle English Essay -- Papers

Effect of the Normans on Middle English The year 1066 had a resounding impact on the course of English history. William the First, Duke of Normandy, conquered England and took it as a stronghold in his reign. The French rule over England lasted for several centuries and brought about innumerable changes to the English state, language, culture and lifestyle. William imported French rulers to take over English government and religious posts. The French were not only the new aristocracy in England, but the new society. The English amended their language and their culture in an effort to more resemble the French and to communicate with their new lords. The English language was more changed by the Norman Conquest than by any other event in the course of English history. Middle English is defined as the four hundred year period between the Norman Conquest and the time the printing press was introduced to England in 1476. This essay will explore the specific effects that the French had on Middle English morphology, phonology, syn tax, semantics and lexicon. During the period of French rule in England the standing of English as a valid language dropped substantially as French took over as the status language. Because so much of the French influence has been nativized by present-day speakers, many do not realize the impact that our language took in the years following 1066. Not one aspect of English life went untouched by the Norman presence in England, notably, its language. Phonology In addition to introducing new words into the English language, the Normans also introduced some new sounds. The English had previously had no phonemic distinction between /f/ and /v/; /v/ was merely an allophone of /f/ that occurred between vowels. Howeve... ...eculate what the English language might look like today if the Normans had never invaded Britain. However, suffice it to say, the present English language has been extensively enriched by the quantity of this foreign influence. Bibliography: Alexander, James W. William I, King of England, Grolier's Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996. Burrow, J.A. and Thorlac Turnville-Petre. A Book of Middle English, Blackwell Publishers; Oxford. 1992. Fisiak, Jacek. A Short Grammar of Middle English, Oxford University Press; London, 1968. Millward, C.M. A Biography of the English Language, Harcourt Brace; Boston. 1996. Take Our Word For It, weekly online publication, available at http://www.takeourword.com Yerkes, David. English Language, Grolier's Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996. Yerkes, David. Middle English, Grolier's Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996.